The Black Death Causes and Symptoms of the Plague

The Black Death, also known as The Plague, was a pandemic affecting most of Europe and large swaths of Asia from 1346 through 1353 that wiped out between 100 and 200 million people in just a few short years. Caused by the bacterium Yersinia pestis, which is often carried by fleas found on rodents, the plague was a lethal disease that often carried with it symptoms like vomiting, pus-filled boils and tumors, and blackened, dead skin. The plague was first introduced in Europe by the sea in 1347 after a ship returned from a voyage across the Black Sea with its entire crew either dead, ill or overcome with fever and not able to eat food. Due to its high rate of transmission, either through direct contact with fleas carrying the bacterium or via airborne pathogens, the quality of life in Europe during the 14th century, and the dense population of urban areas, the Black Plague was able to quickly spread and decimated between 30 to 60 percent of the total population of Europe. The plague made several reemergences around the world throughout the 14th through 19th centuries, but innovations in modern medicine, combined with higher standards of hygiene and stronger methods of disease prevention and epidemic outbreak mitigations, have all but eliminated this medieval disease from the planet. The Four Main Types of Plague There were many manifestations of the Black Death in Eurasia during the 14th century, but four main symptomatic forms of the plague emerged at the forefront of historical records: the Bubonic Plague, the Pneumonic Plague, the Septicemic Plague, and the Enteric Plague. One of the symptoms most commonly associated with the disease, the large pus-filled swellings called buboes, give the first type of plague its name,  the   Bubonic  Plague, and was most often caused by flea bites filling with infected blood, which would then burst and further spread the disease to anyone who came in contact with the infected pus. Victims of the Pneumonic Plague, on the other hand, had no buboes but suffered severe chest pains, heavily sweated, and cough up infected blood, which could release airborne pathogens that would infect anyone nearby. Virtually no one survived the pneumonic form of the Black Death. The third manifestation of the Black Death was  Septicemic  Plague, which would occur when the contagion poisoned the victims bloodstream, almost instantly killing the victim before any notable symptoms had a chance to develop. Another form,  Enteric  Plague, attacked the victims digestive system, but it too killed the patient too swiftly for diagnosis of any kind, especially because Medieval Europeans had no way of knowing any of this as the causes of plague were not discovered until the late nineteenth century. Symptoms of Black Plague This contagious disease caused chills, aches, vomiting and even death amongst the healthiest people in a matter of a few days, and depends on which type of plague the victim contracted from the bacillus germ Yerina pestis, symptoms varied from pus-filled buboes to blood-filled coughing. For those who lived long enough to exhibit symptoms, most victims of the plague initially experienced headaches that quickly turned into chills, fevers, and eventually exhaustion, and many also experienced nausea, vomiting, back pain, and soreness in their arms and legs, as well as all-over fatigue and general lethargy. Often, swellings would appear which consisted of hard, painful, and burning lumps on the neck, under the arms, and on inner thighs. Soon, these swellings grew to the size of an orange and turned black, split open, and began to ooze pus and blood. Lumps and swellings would cause internal bleeding, which led to blood in the urine, blood in the stool, and blood puddling under the skin, which resulted in black boils and spots all over the body. Everything that came out of the body smelled revolting, and people would suffer great pain before death, which could come as quickly as a week after contracting the disease. The Transmission of Plague As mentioned above, the  plague is caused by the bacillus germ Yersinia pestis, which is often carried by the fleas that live on rodents like rats and squirrels and can be transmitted to humans in a number of different ways, each of which creates a different type of plague. The most common way the plague spread in 14th-century Europe was through flea bites because fleas were such a part of everyday life that nobody really noticed them until it was too late. These fleas, having ingested plague-infected blood from their hosts would often attempt to feed on other victims, invariably injecting some of the infected blood into its new host, resulting in the Bubonic Plague. Once humans contracted the disease, it further spread through airborne pathogens when victims would cough or breathe in close quarters of the healthy. Those who contracted the disease through these pathogens fell victim to the pneumonic plague, which caused their lungs to bleed and eventually resulted in a painful death. The plague was also occasionally transmitted by direct contact with a carrier through open sores or cuts, which transferred the disease directly into the bloodstream. This could result in any form of the plague except pneumonic, although it is likely that such incidents most often resulted in the septicemic variety. The septicemic and enteric forms of the plague killed the quickest of all and probably accounted for the stories of individuals going to bed apparently healthy and never waking up. Preventing the Spread: Surviving the Plague In Medieval times, people died so swiftly and in such high numbers that burial pits were dug, filled to overflowing, and abandoned; bodies, sometimes still living, were shut up in houses which were then burned to the ground, and corpses were left where they died in the streets, all of which only further spread the disease through airborne pathogens. In order to survive, Europeans, Russians, and Middle Easterners eventually had to quarantine themselves away from the sick, develop better hygiene habits, and even migrate to new locations to escape the ravages of the plague, which tapered off in the late 1350s largely because of these new methods for disease control. Many practices developed during this time to prevent further spread of the disease including tightly folding clean clothes and storing them in cedar chests far from animals and vermin, killing and burning the corpses of rats in the area, using mint or pennyroyal oils on the skin to discourage flea bites, and keeping fires burning in the home to ward off airborne bacillus.

Literary Analysis of Adventures of Huckleberry Finn Essay

Literary Analysis of Adventures of Huckleberry Finn In Huckleberry Finn there are several themes. There are themes of racism and slavery, civilized society, survival, water imagery, and the one I will be discussing, superstition ( SparkNotes Editors). Superstition is a belief or practice resulting from ignorance, fear of the unknown, trust in magic or chance, or a false conception of causation (â€Å"Merriam-Webster†). Superstition was a very popular theme in Huckleberry Finn that you saw throughout the story. Huck was somewhat superstitious, but Jim speaks a wide range of superstition and folk tales. In the story it makes Jim seem as if he is unintelligent, when really his superstitions and beliefs come true and shows he†¦show more content†¦The first time Huck went to get superstitious advice from Jim is when he went to ask Jim when his father would be returning in his life. He had already seen his father’s tracks in the snow and knew he w ould be coming real soon. He wanted to know what his father was going to do and how long was he going to stay. Huck heard Jim had a hair ball that was taken out of a stomach of an ox, that he used to do magic with. The hair ball supposedly had a spirit in it that knew everything. The hair ball told Jim about Huck’s father and Jim told Huck, â€Å" Yo’ ole father doan’ know, yit, what he’s a-gwyne to do. Sometimes he spec he’ll go ‘way, en den agin he spec he’ll stay. De bes’ way is to res’ easy en let de ole man take his own way ( Twain 119).† He then began to tell Huck his father had two angels over him. A white, shiny angel that tells him to do right and a dark angel that tells him to do wrong. He told Huck that he also has two angels over him that does the same, and that nobody knows which one is going to get you in the end. This part of the story showed me Jim wasn’t as foolish and stupid as ev erybody thought he was, he was actually wise. That night when Huck returned home his father was waiting for him in his bedroom. Once Huck ran away to the island and found Jim ran away too and they discovered the dead man, who happened to be Huck’s father, Huck wanted to discuss the dead man but Jim warned him it was bad luckShow MoreRelatedThe Adventures Of Huckleberry Finn Literary Analysis1888 Words   |  8 PagesThe Adventures of Huckleberry Finn Literary Analysis The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn by Mark Twain has been banned from many schools and public libraries due to the use of racial slurs. Although these slurs are frowned upon now, they were a normal part of the society shaped Huckleberry (Huck) Finns life. The world Huck Finn grew up in is before the abolition of slavery. This is when the states is begun to separate, but the civil war is not yet stirring. Huckleberry’s life was influenced by hisRead MoreLiterary Analysis: The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn Essay1756 Words   |  8 PagesThe Adventures of Huckleberry Finn â€Å"Persons attempting to find a motive in this narrative will be prosecuted; persons attempting to find a moral in it will be banished; persons attempting to find a plot in it will be shot.† (Twain, ix) Mark Twain opens his book with a personal notice, abstract from the storyline, to discourage the reader from looking for depth in his words. This severe yet humorous personal caution is written as such almost to dissuade his readers from having any high expectationsRead MoreAnalysis of Literary Techniques For The Adventures Of Huckleberry Finn by Mark Twain982 Words   |  4 Pages In The Adventures Of Huckleberry Finn, Twain paints a colorful portrait of his life growing up in the south. Originally intended to be just a â€Å"fun† narrative about his childhood, Twain’s novel evolved into something much greater by criticising slavery and advocating for the rights of african-americans. The themes that the book represents were revolutionary in their time, s omething only accomplished through the narratives of Twain. The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn, is aptly named due to it’s perspectivesRead MoreThe relation of form to content in Mark Twains The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn1097 Words   |  4 PagesIn discussing the structure and substance of a novel, one would be remiss not to explore the narrative strategies through which its story is told. The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn (1884) is autobiographic, ensuring a valuable narrative unity; each scene is delivered as-is rather than being described into fruition. It is a tale of boyish adventure floating along the Mississippi told as it would have appeared to the boy himself. Thus, the novel ascribes to one of several contrasting aesthetics foundRead MoreThe Adventures Of Huckleberry Finn By Mark Twain1854 Words   |  8 PagesThe Adventures of Huckleberry Finn by Mark Twain is a one of a kind novel. The novel has been debated as controversial since it has been published in 1986. It has been considered racist, due to the â€Å"n† word. In its earlier days, racist people felt this book was a disgrace, because of the mingling of the two main characters. Among all of the negative comments, this book is truly a masterpiece. It is an unforgettable and enjoyable book for everyone to learn and scrutinize; it contains a multitude ofRead MoreAnalysis Of The Adventures Of Huckleberry Finn 1679 Words   |  7 Pages1. Analysis of an Important Character Adventures of Huckleberry Finn is a story about growing up, facing the world, and fighting for what’s right. Huckleberry Finn matures greatly throughout the book, and Tom Sawyer plays an important role in showing this change. His character allows the reader to see Huck’s increase in maturity throughout the story. Tom is the constant, his immaturity not changing from the beginning to the end of Adventures of Huckleberry Finn, while Huck is the changing variableRead MoreThe American Concept Of Self Creation1647 Words   |  7 Pagesindividual assuming a new identity to avoid danger or ridding themselves of a past life, are two examples of the literary concept of Self-Creation. In Mark Twain’s Adventures of Huckleberry Finn, we see the main character undergo several examples of â€Å"self-creation† during the course of the story for various motivations including those mentioned above. Throughout Adventures of Huckleberry Finn, the main character changes in identity for several reasons to include those in which he protects himself andRead More Huck Finn Essay900 Words   |  4 Pages Tim Lively Critical Analysis: The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn Setting: Late 1800’s along the Mississippi River Plot: When the book begins, the main character, Huck Finn possesses a large sum of money. This causes his delinquent lifestyle to change drastically. Huck gets an education, and a home to live in with a caring elderly woman (the widow). One would think that Huck would be satisfied. Well, he wasn’t. He wanted his own lifestyle back. Huck’s drunkard father (pap), who had previouslyRead MoreAnalysis Of Mark Twain s Works Made A Huge Impact On Readers And Literary Critics1288 Words   |  6 Pages2/26/17 P:2 Outline Mark Twain’s works made a huge impact on readers and literary critics. His writing occurred during both the romantic and realist time eras in American Literature. He has simple, seemingly artless narrators and an understated style leads readers to arrive at the social commentary of his narratives on their own. Mark Twain’s writing influenced society because he created a new perspective on life with the views pointed out in his books. The distinctive trait of Twain s was hisRead MoreThe Adventures of Huckleberry Finn Essay739 Words   |  3 PagesThe Adventures of Huckleberry Finn by Mark Twain â€Å"When a true genius appears in the world, you may know him by this sign, that the dunces are all in confederacy against him.† - Jonathan Swift â€Å"Thoughts on Various Subjects, Moral and Diverting† In some works of literature, the main character often finds himself or herself in conflict with the social or moral values of his environment. Choose one novel or play of literary merit in which the character is at odds with the people around him or her

Early beginnings of Science Essay Example For Students

Early beginnings of Science Essay the early beginnings of science goes all the way back to Fibonacci. Fibonacci was a great mathematician. He was one of the first mathematicians known to the american history. However Fibonacci was from a foreign country. There are rumors that speak of his sexuality, some say he was a gay mathematician who was devoted to his math skills to encourage his followers that no matter what your sexuality you can succeed. Fibonacci was a success, i think he would be very proud of the future we call our present-day. Gays have gotten independence, and lesbians have gotten free of discrimination. Discrimination is like a plague in our society today. People cannot live without using it to hurt other people. Albert Einstein is probably the most popular man to science in our modern age. He converted E=mc2. Besides his intelligence in the math field he was kind of stupid in society. He could not know whether to bring an umbrella in to the rain or not. One day he painted his house the color of his je ans because he could not tell the texture of his jeans. The most popular theory on science is that everything is based on math and numbers. This is one reason why we can make structures on the computer resemble real life. Modern believers believed that Fibonacci was a pimp in his day. They believed he pimped on guys and had his own exotic gay club. The alphabet was converted by science. This is an example of words that cannot mean nothing now but they will later. adgasdg agjkgasdgkj. adgasdgasdgasdgasdg agasdgasd asdgasdgas asgasdga asgasdgahadh. agasdg ags agsdag asg asdg asg as dgas g as g asg as dg asdg as gas g as ghah a sh asdh sad h ash as dh asdh as has dh sad has h ash asd h ash sad has h adfh sadh asd has h sah sad hsdah sadh sah sa.

Realism vs. Liberalism

Turn Memo 1: In international relations, two theories are mostly employed in analyzing major issues in politics. Realism and idealism are the two major theories. Idealism is a theory that was first supported by the US president after the Second World War. The theory observes that there are many actors in the international system. The state is not the only actor because other units, such as religious organizations, Multinational Organizations, and supranational organizations exist.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Realism vs. Liberalism specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More The state does not have massive powers as far as policy formulation is concerned. For instance, Multinational Organizations influence the policy formulation among the Less Developed Countries. Moreover, religious organizations are known to influence the behavior of states in a number of ways (Lamy 78). An example is given in Poland during the Cold Wa r when John Paul II influenced leaders to abandon communism in favor of capitalism. In this regard, it can be observed that Catholic played a critical role in influencing leaders to keep off from the communism. In the international system, the United Nations plays an important role in influencing the foreign behavior of states. For instance, the UN Security Council can impose sanctions to a sovereign state. In Libya, the UN Security Council imposed a no fly zone sanction to the sovereign state because it is the main actor. In contrary, realists observe that the only actor in the international system is the state. The state has the power to formulate foreign policies without consulting any other entity. For instance, the state should not consult the populace before making foreign policies because foreign policy formulation process is considered high politics. In this case, other actors exist to temper with the sovereignty of the state because they should not be involved in the proces s. Realists claim that states have the powers to either support or oppose global decisions. It is the responsibility of the state to decide whether to support a policy or not. Moreover, the state confers nationality to individuals. Without the state, an individual cannot move from one corner of the world to the other. The state has established structures that facilitate world security. Turn memo 2: Liberalists observe that there are many actors in the international system. The international system is a community of both states and human beings. The foreign policy should recognize all actors. In this case, the role of other actors must be recognized. As states struggle to accomplish their missions, they must prioritize their goals.Advertising Looking for essay on international relations? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Those goals that aim at fulfilling the common interests should be pursued first as opposed to the goals that a ccomplish individual interests. Foreign policy formulation should be based on morality. Moreover, it must be based on internationally recognized codes and morals. This is the reason why states intervene militarily whenever human rights are violated. This shows that liberalists value universal interests as opposed to national interests. Hoffman noted that states have a duty beyond their borders. For instance, a state should ensure that the rights of other individuals are not violated, irrespective of whether the individuals are citizens its citizens. Liberalists emphasize human rights meaning that they must always be taken into consideration whenever foreign policies are formulated. To liberalists, the end does not justify the means because leaders must be held accountable at every decision they make. Liberalists are prescriptive implying that foreign policy should be reflective (Mansbach 89). On the other hand, realists observe that the unit of analysis is the state. The internation al system dictates to the state what should be done. In other words, changes in the international system dictate foreign policies. In this regard, the international system is anarchic meaning that it lacks the central authority. Each state is concerned with its own security. States are preoccupied with national interests, not collective security. Therefore, the state will always prioritize its interests. Realists believe that the end will always justify the means. Turn memo 3: To liberalists, the international system is characterized by cooperation. This explains why the US could provide aid to its adversaries such as Japan and Russia during calamities. In the international system, law is respected because it dictates what ought to be done. For instance, states will always cooperate to fight the common enemy. For example, states struggle to achieve peace through nuclear disarmament programs. In the current international system, many states are members of world organizations such as the World Trade Organizations and the Atomic Agency. The main aim is to achieve peace and order (Masker 12). To realists, the international system is characterized by brutality and mistrust. In this case, the international system is anarchic implying that some states are powerful than others. The less powerful states are usually subjugated and oppressed. The powerful states control policy formulation at the global arena. For instance, the powerful states control important organizations such as the World Trade Organization and the United Nations. The powerful states use the world organizations to achieve their national interests. The United Nations and the World Trade Organization exist as far as the US would permit.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Realism vs. Liberalism specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Works Cited Lamy, Steven. Introduction to Global Politics. New York: Oxford University Press, 2012. Print. Mans bach, and K. Rafferty. Introduction to Global Politics. New York, NY: Routledge, 2007. Print. Masker, John . Introduction to Global Politics: A Reader. New York: Oxford University Press, 2012. Print. This essay on Realism vs. Liberalism was written and submitted by user Claire I. to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

Gallons to Liters - Unit Conversion Example Problem

Gallons to Liters Problem This example problem demonstrates how to convert gallons to liters. Gallons and liters are two common units of volume. The liter is the metric volume unit, while the gallon is the English unit. However, the American gallon and the British gallon are not the same!  The gallon used in the United States  is equal to exactly 231 cubic inches or 3.785411784 liters. The  Imperial  gallon or UK gallon is equal to approximately 277.42 cubic inches. If youre asked to perform the conversion, make sure you know which country its for or you wont get the correct answer. This example uses the American gallon, but the set-up for the problem works the same for the Imperial gallon (just using 277.42 instead of 3.785). Key Takeaways: Gallons to Liters The unit conversion between (American) gallons and liters is 1 gallon 3.785 liters.British and American gallons are not the same. The American gallon is a smaller unit of volume and has a different conversion factor.There are about four liters per gallon. Gallons to Liters Problem What is the volume of a 5 gallon bucket in liters? Solution 1 gallon 3.785 liters Set up the conversion so the desired unit will be cancelled out. In this case, we want liters to be the remaining unit. volume in L (volume in gal) x (3.785 L/1 gal) volume in L (5 x 3.785) L volume in L 18.925 L In other word, there are about 4x more liters when you convert from gallons. Answer A 5 gallon bucket contains 18.925 liters. Liters to Gallon Conversion You can use the same conversion factor to convert liters to gallons or you can use: 1 liter 0.264 US gallons To find how many gallons are in 4 liters, for example: gallons 4 liters x 0.264 gallons/liter The liters cancel out, leaving the gallon unit: 4 liters 1.056 gallons Keep this in mind: there are about 4 liters per US gallon.

Drugs and My Large Ass essays

Drugs and My Large Ass essays The Internets popularity has risen greatly in the last few years and its popularity has forced most industries to go online. The Internets millions of users have attracted commercal banks. People are increasingly using the Internet for financial services in addtion to using the Internet for research, education, The last few years have seen an explosive proliferation of the Internet, with millions of users around the world logging on for a growing number of purposes. People shop, research, take classes and file their taxes on the 'net, and, increasingly, are using online banking services to manage their personal finances. Personal computers, telephonic banking and increasingly sophisticated automated teller machines are becoming commonplace as consumers abandon daily or weekly trips to their local bank branches in favor of more convenient electronic financial service. Although consumers appreciate the speed and convenience of electronic banking, there is growing concern over the security of Internet transmissions. H.R. 2937, for example, provides for the recognition of digital authentication in place of signatures, a move that has supporters praising the technological savvy of the banking industry, but leaves some critics deeply concerned at the possibility of misuse by criminal hackers. While ATMs are a more "secure" form of electronic banking, consumers are paying in other ways. Fifty-four percent of the nation's banks add surcharges for the convenience of using the ATMs of their competitor's banks, and many independent ATMs operated by non-depository institutions are charging fees as well. Critics, led by Sen. Alfonse D'Amato, D-N.Y., are calling for a ban of these surcharges, saying that banks are profiting by "gouging" customers with outrageous fees. Others argue, however, that banks make little or no profit off the surcharges, and that independent ATM ...

Agile software & adapting agile practices Essay

Agile software & adapting agile practices - Essay Example Financials Company wants to expand its business with tripling its business. But this strategic plan demands the need of new development of the strategies for the company. The implementation of agile software for the development process of the project has various Critical success factors for the software. But on the hand the implementation of the project involves several risks in which can lead to the failure for the firm. Te main failure factor which can affect the implementation process for the firm can be referred as Organizational, People, Process and Technical process. Lack of sponsorship from executive can be problem for the company. The traditional practice of the firm’s culture can be a hindrance for the implementation process successfully. Adapting the new system is not easy for a large organization without agile logical arrangement. The skill set of the people is also very essential for the proper management of the project. Bad customer relationship is another issue o f risk for the project implementation. If the project scope, requirements and planning are ill defined then it can be a factor for the failure of the project. Technically the project may also face several risk issues. The agile practice is needed to be completely correct. The tools and technology used should also be appropriate with the project (Chow, Cao, 2008, 963). The Agile software development method involves extreme programming and it promised to offer very high performance on adopting it throughout (Stamelos, Sfetsos, 2007, p. 187). The innovation and Risk involved depends on the motivation and risk handling capabilities of the employees. Migrating from one system to another system like to XP may need changes in the practice of the employees. XP does not provide support just at the beginning of the project development thus implementation with innovation and risk analysis is automatically done by the employees. XP works with very indistinguishable requirements thus the develop ment team need to be very creative and innovative and skilled in the work to cope with the unwanted events in the process. Due to the interaction with the customers while development of the software is in progress the developers need to be flexible enough to cater the demands of the customers otherwise it may lead to wrong direction following the instruction of the customers. Due to the incremental development of agile development process it involves high chance of risk which is unavoidable for the developers during the development process. Understanding the mistakes in the implementation process is the most important aspects for the developers to handle risk involved in the project development. Companies if acts negatively against the mistakes done by employees will never allow any innovation process and employees will not be able to handle pressure with the practice (Tolfo, Wazlawick, 2008, p. 1957). Question 2: What should be the management and organizational principles for this project? Agile methodology doesn’t need the elimination of the existing practice of the firm completely. Rather modification of some practices can also implement agile technique of project management. At the iteration level as well as in the release planning level the basic of the management approach is developed into Scrum. It is the organization who defines the project management role which is needed to be performed. In agile methodology it is not developed with proper planning or assigned role rather the development is done